- Title
- Groundwater quality issues and challenges for drinking and irrigation uses in central Ganga basin dominated with rice-wheat cropping system
- Creator
- Kumar, Sumant; Kumar, Manish; Krishan, Gopal; Induwar, Shashi Poonam; Kumar, Sudhir; Yadav, Brijesh Kumar; Maurya, Nityanand Singh; Chaudhary, Anju; Chandola, Veerendra Kumar; Kumar, Vinod; Saini, Ravi K.; Pant, Neeraj; Kumari, Nikul; Srivastava, Ankur; Singh, Surjeet; Singh, Rajesh
- Relation
- Water Vol. 13, Issue 17, no. 2344
- Publisher Link
- http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13172344
- Publisher
- Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
- Resource Type
- journal article
- Date
- 2021
- Description
- Increased population and increasing demands for food in the Indo-Gangetic plain are likely to exert pressure on fresh water due to rise in demand for drinking and irrigation water. The study focuses on Bhojpur district, Bihar located in the central Ganga basin, to assess the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purpose and discuss the issues and challenges. Groundwater is mostly utilized in the study area for drinking and irrigation purposes (major crops sown in the area are rice and wheat). There were around 45 groundwater samples collected across the study region in the pre-monsoon season (year 2019). The chemical analytical results show that Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3− ions are present in abundance in groundwater and governing the groundwater chemistry. Further analysis shows that 66%, 69% and 84% of the samples exceeded the acceptable limit of arsenic (As), Fe and Mn respectively and other trace metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) are within the permissible limit of drinking water as prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard for drinking water. Generally, high as concentration has been found in the aquifer (depth ranges from 20 to 40 m below ground surface) located in proximity of river Ganga. For assessing the irrigation water quality, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Na%, permeability index (PI) and calcium alteration index (CAI) were calculated and found that almost all the samples are found to be in good to excellent category for irrigation purposes. The groundwater facie has been classified into Ca-Mg-HCO3 type.
- Subject
- Bhojpur (India); groundwater; drinking; irrigation; quality; central Ganga; SDG 6; Sustainable Development Goals
- Identifier
- http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1492247
- Identifier
- uon:53284
- Identifier
- ISSN:2073-4441
- Rights
- © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Language
- eng
- Full Text
- Reviewed
- Hits: 3423
- Visitors: 3455
- Downloads: 44
| Thumbnail | File | Description | Size | Format | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| View Details Download | ATTACHMENT02 | Publisher version (open access) | 10 MB | Adobe Acrobat PDF | View Details Download |